Fundamental Data Types - int/float and variables

#Fundamental Data types
int
float
bool
str
list
tuple
set
dict

#Classes -> custom types

#Specialised Data Types - extra modules from libraries. Extensions effectively

None #none is simply nothing, such as 0 in maths

#Learning Int and Float

int # integer/number e.g. 3, 4, 5 etc. used for mathematical operations. Includes positive and negative numbers

# print(2 + 4) #print is effectively saying perform this action and output it

# print(type(2 + 4)) #type outputs what data type this is. Functions work from within brackets
# #for example, here it would do 2+4 = 6, then do type of 6, then print the type
# print(type(2 / 4)) #as 2/4 = 0.5, the answer is 0.5 and the type is therefore float, rather than int 

float #floating point number. Alternatively, any number with a decimal point e.g. 0.5

# print(type(5.00001)) #type will be float due to the decimal place
# #floating point stores the number in two different locations for each side of the decimal - more memory is needed

# print(type(20+1.1)) #here python automatically adjusts the type to float, as the int + float creates a float
# print(type(9.9+1.1)) # despite the two floats being added into a single number, it maintains float as a type - 11.0 instead of 11

# print(2 ** 2) #double multiplication symbol = to the power of, e.g 2 to the power of 2 here
# print(2 // 4) #double division returns an integer rounded down

# print(5 % 4) #% = modulo, providing the remainder of the division e.g. 5/4 = 4 remainder 1, 1 is output
# print(6 % 4) # here 6/4 = 1 remainder 2, 2 is output

#Math Functions

# print(round(3.9)) # rounds to nearest whole
# print(abs(-20)) #returns absolute value of argument - simply removes negative e.g. -20 outputs 20
# # there are many math functions available but generally context dependent and used as and when needed - no need to learn all, just find them
# #search - Python3 math functions - programiz

#Operator Precedence

# print(20 - 3 * 4) #follows standard rules for mathematics - in this case multiplication of 3*4 happens first, then 20-12

#Order of precedence:
# () - brackets
# ** - power of
# * / - mult/div
# + - - plus/minus

# print((5 + 4) * 10 / 2) # 45

# print(((5 + 4) * 10) / 2) # 45

# print((5 + 4) * (10 / 2)) # 45

# print(5 + (4 * 10) / 2) # 25

# print(5 + 4 * 10 // 2) # 25

# it would appear any time there is a division towards end it provides a float, unless // used which provides an integer

# Complex exists for highly complex equations - not super relevant

# bin for showing the binary version of a number

# print(bin(5)) #prints 0b101 - 0b is what python uses to denote as a binary number, 101 is the actual bin ver of 5

# print(int('0b101' , 2)) # returns 5 from the binary number, base 2

# Variables

# iq = 190 # iq is the variable, 190 is the data for it. Now iq will represent 190 everywhere in program

# print(iq) # will print the value of iq, here being 190

# # variables are snake_case i.e. all lower case, no spaces just underscores.
# # must start with lowercase or underscore, can use letters/numbers/underscores, are case sensitive, and don't overwrite keywords

# _user_iq = 190

# print(_user_iq) # matches above and will print, but would not if it differed even by case

# #python keywords w3schools to see what all key words are - these cannot be used for variables
# #make variables strongly descriptive for ease of understanding

# user_age = iq/4 #variables can be used in operations for other variables, in this example iq which is 190 will be /4

# print(user_age)

#constants

# PI = 3.14 # using caps denotes a constant to not change

# #don't use __ as these are also used for other constants

# a,b,c = 1,2,3 # quick way to assign multiple variables at once

# print(a)
# print(b)
# print(c)